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Using a VPN is a great way to shield your internet traffic when you're traveling, but it is not a solution for encrypting your regional files. .

When the FBI needed information from the San Bernardino shot's iPhone, they asked Apple for a back door to get beyond the encryption. But no such back door existed, and Apple refused to make one. The FBI had to hire hackers to get into the phone.

Why wouldn't Apple help Since the moment a back door or similar hack exists, it becomes a target, a prize for the bad guys. It'll leak sooner or later. In a discussion at Black Hat last summer, Apple's Ivan Krstic revealed the company has done something similar in their cryptographic servers.

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Apple can't update thembut the bad guys can't get in either. .

Each the products in this roundup explicitly say they have no back door, and that's as it ought to be. It does mean that if you encrypt an essential document and then forget that the encryption password, you have lost it for good.

Back in the day, if you wanted to keep a document key you could use a cipher to encrypt it and then burn the original. Or you might lock it up in a safe. The two main approaches in encryption utilities parallel with those options.

One type of product simply processes files and folders, turning them into impenetrable encrypted versions of these. Another creates a virtual disk drive that, when open, acts like any other drive on your system. When you lock the digital drive, each the documents you put into it's completely inaccessible. .

Similar to the digital drive solution, a few products store your encrypted data in the cloud. This strategy demands extreme caution, obviously. Encrypted information in the cloud has a far bigger attack surface than encrypted data on your own PC.

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That is better It actually depends on how you plan on using encryption. If you're not sure, take advantage of this 30-day free trial provided by each one of those products to have a feel for the different options.

After you copy a document into protected storage, or create an encrypted version of it, you absolutely need to wipe the unencrypted original. Simply deleting it isn't sufficient, even in the event that you bypass the Recycle Bin, because the information still exists on disk, and data retrieval utilities can often return back. .

Some encryption products avoid this problem by encrypting the file in place, literally overwriting it on disk using an encrypted version. It is more common, though, to provide secure deletion as an option. If you choose a product that lacks this attribute, you should find a free secure deletion tool to use along with it. .

Overwriting information before deletion is sufficient to balk software-based retrieval tools. Hardware-based forensic retrieval works since the magnetic recording of information on a hard drive isn't actually digital. It's more of a waveform. In simple terms, the procedure involves nulling out the known information and reading around the borders of what is left.

An encryption algorithm is like a black box. Dump a document, picture, or other file into it, and you get back what seems like gibberish. Run that gibberish back via the box, using the same password, and you get back the original.

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The U.S. government has settled on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as a standard, and every one of the merchandise gathered here support AES. Even those that support other calculations tend to recommend using AES.

If you are an encryption specialist, you may prefer another algorithm, Blowfish, possibly, or even the Soviet government's GOST. For the average consumer, however, AES is just fine.

Passwords are important, and you must keep them secret, right Well, not when you use Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) cryptography.

With PKI, you receive two keys. One is public; you can discuss it with anyone, enroll it in a key exchange, tattoo it on your visit foreheadwhatever you prefer. Another is private, and needs to be closely guarded. If I want to send you a key document, I just encrypt it with your public key.

Simple! .

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Using this system in reverse, you can create an electronic signature that proves your document came from you and hasn't been altered. How Just encrypt it with your private key. The fact your public key decrypts it's all the proof you need. PKI service is less common than support for traditional symmetric algorithms. .

If you want to share a file with someone and your encryption tool doesn't support PKI, there are different options for sharing. Many products allow creation of a self-decrypting executable file. You may also find that the recipient can use a complimentary, decryption-only tool.